Wall-Modeled LES

This chapter describes the approaches to wall-modeled LES proposed by three TILDA Partners. DLR adopts a classic treatment of the near wall region with wall functions. University of Bergamo and Dassault Aviation rely on hybridization of LES with a RANS model near the wall. University of Bergamo relies on the switch of X-LES and Dassault Aviation adopts a DDES methodology coupled with their VMS.