Development of an integrated indicator for assessing management impacts on soil quality: A case study in organic viticulture

Given that soil is an invaluable resource for viticulture, it is important to maintain its properties in order to keep it healthy and optimize ecosystem processes underpinning productivity. Although measuring sustainability poses challenges, it remains crucial for developing specific management strategies designed for a given geographic area. This study introduces the Management Impact on Soil Quality (MISQ), an integrated indicator designed to assess how common management practices influence the attributes of soil health in organic vineyards. The MISQ evaluates five key management components: soil disturbance, regeneration of soil organic matter, terrestrial eco-toxicity impact of copper, efficiency of nutrient (NPK) use, and biodiversity. This indicator was applied using data collected from an organically-managed vineyard in Franciacorta, a grape-producing area in Northern Italy over the years 2014, 2015, 2019 and 2021. The results indicate how enhanced soil function depends on increased supply of organic matter and diversified cover cropping with legumes, thereby improving soil biodiversity. However, managing potential nutrient surplus and recognizing the risks associated with tillage for row spacing management are also crucial factors. These results provide viticulturists with a valuable tool for assessing the effects of agronomic techniques on soil quality, thereby facilitating sustainable management practices. This study highlights the need to preserve the soil multifunctionality, which is critical for nutrient cycling, soil structural stability and biological population control. The straightforward approach of the MISQ makes it suitable for use in different environments, thereby promoting effective management strategies that mitigate a negative impact on soil functionality.