Definition and interpretation of wind farm efficiency in complex terrain: A discussion

The exploitation of wind turbines in complex terrain has recently been growing. The comprehension of wind flow, especially in the downstream area, is by itself a challenging task in complex terrain: Even more so, it is difficult to account for the mixing between terrain effects and the wake interactions between nearby turbines. Efficiency is one of the simplest and meaningful metrics for quantifying the impact of wakes on wind farm production, but its definition is well established basically only for offshore wind farms. In this work, the definition of wind farm efficiency is, therefore, discussed, based on the critical points arising in complex terrain, where there can be at the same time a considerable variation of free wind flow along the layout and a directional distortion of the wakes, induced by the terrain. In this work, operational data of a test case wind farm sited in a very complex terrain, featuring 17 multimegawatt wind turbines, are elaborated and inspire a discussion and a novel definition of efficiency, that restores in the complex terrain case the meaning of the efficiency.