LCCA and TCO: a How-to Approach to Assess the Costs in the Customer’s Eye

The servitization process and in particular Product-Service Systems offering, and the growing attention to issues of economic, environmental and social sustainability, lead both companies and customers to evaluate the solution offered along the life-cycle taking into account all the economic and/or environmental costs. To this aim, methodologies such as Life-Cycle Costing, Life-Cycle Assessment, and Total Cost of Ownership are extremely helpful. This paper, through multiple case studies, aims to present different ways of collaborations among companies, universities, research centers, certification bodies etc., through which tools, methods, human resources, data, information, can be exploited to develop TCO models for different purposes.