Nonlinear polarization effects in optical fibers: polarization attraction and modulation instability [Invited]

We review polarization stabilization techniques based on the polarization attraction effect in low-birefringence
fibers. Polarization attraction or pulling may be based on cross-polarization modulation, on parametric amplification,
and on Raman or Brillouin scattering. We also review methods for laser frequency conversion based on
polarization modulation instabilities in low- and high-birefringence fibers, and photonic crystal fibers. Polarization
instabilities in nonlinear fibers may also be exploited for sensing applications.