Nano-bioremediation for the removal of inorganic and organic pollutants from the soil

Soil pollution is a significant problem due to harmful toxic substances, particularly organic compounds and heavy metals, resulting from various anthropogenic activities. To address this issue, a synergistic approach involving the use of nanotechnology and bioremediation has been proposed. Nano-bioremediation is a very efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally benign approach for reducing both organic and inorganic pollutants. Nanoparticles (NPs) enhance catalytic, adsorptive, and reactive properties, whereas microorganisms and extracts serve as eco-friendly catalysts. The combination of nanomaterials (NMs) and bioremediation techniques has the potential to significantly transform toxic substances either in situ or ex-situ to clean polluted environments. This article reviews recent developments in nano-bioremediation to eliminate organic and inorganic pollutants from contaminated soils. The use of NPs has the potential to enhance soil bioremediation for the removal of harmful substances through immobilization or stimulation of microbial activities and enzymes involved in the remediation process. It also discusses the mechanism of the interaction of NMs with other microorganisms and their roles in the remediation of polluted environments. Finally, the review discusses future perspectives and challenges regarding the importance of interactions between the soil microbiome, NPs, and contaminants to develop microbe-based nano-remediation strategies for organically and inorganically polluted environments.